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General Myers Confirmation Hearing
Senate Armed Services Committee
U.S. Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) Holds Hearing On Nomination of General
Richard Myers to be Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff
Speaker: U.S. Senator Carl Levin (D-Mi), Chairman
Washington, D.C.
SEPTEMBER 13, 2001
LEVIN: Today, in New York City and across the Potomac in Virginia, our
fellow citizens continue to sift through the ruins two days after the most
deadly and cowardly attack ever against the United States. The terrorists
behind this horror sought to destroy more than structures, they sought to
destroy the American spirit. But those who unleashed this horror now
understand you have failed. Through our rage at these attacks on our
people and on our free institutions shines a focused determination to
recover our loved ones and friends who are still lost, and to assist their
loved ones in coping with the devastating void into which they have been
plunged. Our fury at those who attack innocence is matched by our
determination to protect our citizens from more terror, and by our resolve
to track down, to root out, and relentlessly pursue the terrorists and
those who would shelter or harbor them.
Two nights ago, Senator Warner and I joined Secretary Rumsfeld, General
Shelton, and General Myers at the Pentagon, and witnessed first-hand that
determination. Brave men and women were attending to the victims and
fighting the fires -- all just a few feet away from loved ones and friends
who were still missing or presumed killed. Many of them have been working
non-stop ever since the attack. America salutes them as the genuine heroes
and heroines that they are. And our prayers are with the victims and the
families and friends who grieve for them.
For every person who has perpetrated a barbaric act, thousands of
Americans have engaged in acts of extraordinary courage. Those acts are
still unfolding, and will unfold in the days, weeks, and months ahead.
Debate is an inherent part of our democracy. And while our democratic
institutions are stronger than any terrorist attack, in one regard we
operate differently in times of national emergency. We set aside our
differences and we ask decent people everywhere to join forces with us to
seek out and defeat the common enemy of the civilized world.
The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Hugh Shelton, assured
the nation two nights ago that America's armed forces are ready. General
Shelton has served in the demanding position of chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff for the past four years with great distinction. The nation
and every man and woman who wears our country's uniform owe him a
tremendous debt of gratitude.
And now, General Richard Myers is ready to assume the duties that General
Shelton so magnificently shouldered. The president has nominated General
Myers to be the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. General
Shelton's term expires on September 30. This committee must act on General
Myers nomination, and we will do so.
The tragic events of the last two days vividly remind us again of the
importance of this position. The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is
the highest ranking military officer in the United States armed forces,
and is the principal military adviser to the president, the National
Security Council, and the secretary of defense.
General Myers is uniquely well-qualified to serve as the next chairman of
the Joint Chiefs. He is a decorated Vietnam veteran who knows the dangers
faced by our men and women in uniform. He has led U.S. forces in Japan and
in the Pacific with a steady hand. He has served as assistant to the
chairman and as commander-in-chief, U. S. Space Command. Since February,
2000, he has served as vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the nation's
second-highest ranking military officer, at times acting as chairman in
General Shelton's absence. General Myers is, I believe, the first vice
chairman to be nominated as chairman.
At times when we are reminded almost daily of the dangers to our military
personnel and the sacrifices of their families, we particularly want to
welcome General Myers' wife, Mary Jo. Mrs. Myers, we welcome you. We thank
you for your service to the nation. You, too, will be called upon for
sacrifice, in addition to the extraordinary sacrifice which you and the
family have already undertaken. This is no ordinary time. This will be no
ordinary nomination hearing.
As vice chairman, General Myers has been personally involved in the rescue
efforts at the Pentagon and in guiding the United States armed forces
during these difficult days. He is in a unique position to update the
committee and the country on the situation, and we have asked him to do
so.
General Myers, we welcome your testimony on the status of the efforts at
the Pentagon, the extent of the damage and loss of life, the role that the
U.S. military forces are playing in support of rescue and relief efforts
in New York City, and what steps this nation might take to strengthen our
ongoing efforts to combat the scourge of terrorism.
General Myers has responded to the committee's pre-hearing policy
questions and our standard questionnaire. Without objection, these
responses will be made part of the record. The committee has received the
required paperwork on General Myers, and will be reviewing that paperwork
to make sure that it is in accordance with the committee's requirements.
I just want to make two very brief announcements before I call on Senator
Warner, and then on our two colleagues who will be introducing General
Myers.
First, at the conclusion of our open session, Senator Warner and I have
determined that we will go into a members-only, classified session in the
Intelligence Committee Hearing Room, SH 219. General Myers will be there
with other members from the uniformed staff. Also, Secretary Wolfowitz
will be joining us at that time.
Secondly, we are making arrangements for bus transportation -- I want to
thank Senator Warner for his leadership in this -- for members of the
committee who would like to go to the Pentagon at approximately 6:30 this
evening. There are a number of members who have made their own
arrangements to go over the last couple of days. Senator Warner and I
fully concurred and thought it would be helpful to arrange for
transportation for those who might wish to go to the Pentagon at
approximately that time, 6:30 this evening. We will be back to you as soon
as possible with details about the precise time and place. It will be
after our executive session at a place to be determined.
Senator Warner?
WARNER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
And I do hope as many members who can will take this opportunity. Just
moments ago, I left the site and I have been on it twice now.
WARNER: And General Myers, I want to thank you for taking the time to go
up there today -- we met at the site together -- and particularly,
General, that you took the time to recognize the hard- working people
there, primarily from Virginia and Maryland, the District of Columbia;
fire, rescue, Red Cross, engineers.
It's a remarkable scene, I say to my colleagues, and I think no matter how
many times we viewed this on television, those of you who can avail
themselves of the opportunity to see not only the site, the work going on,
but the precise manner in which that plane was directed at the building.
So Mr. Chairman, I've just received a call from the White House. I am to
meet with the president at 3:10, so I'm going to put my statement in for
the record. I thank Mrs. Myers, as the chairman said, for your career
opportunities, not only for yourself, but for your distinguished husband.
Without doubt, it's a team effort. So often in the military, fortunately,
it's a team effort.
So if you'll excuse me, I'm going to depart. I hope to return in time for
your executive committee hearing.
LEVIN: Thank you very much, Senator Warner.
General Myers has responded to the committee's pre-hearing policy
questions, our standard questionnaire. Without objection, these responses
will be made part of the record. The committee has also received, as I
mentioned, the paperwork on General Myers, and as I indicated we will be
reviewing that paperwork.
There are several standard questions that we ask nominees who come before
the committee, and I will ask General Myers these questions. First, do you
agree, if confirmed for this position, to appear before this committee and
other appropriate committees of the Congress and to give your personal
views, even if those views differ from the administration in power?
MYERS: Mr. Chairman, yes I do.
LEVIN: Have you adhered to applicable laws and regulations governing
conflict of interest?
MYERS: Yes, I have.
LEVIN: Have you assumed any duties or undertaken any actions which would
appear to presume the outcome of the confirmation process?
MYERS: No, I haven't.
LEVIN: Will you ensure that the joint staff complies with deadlines
established for requested communications, including prepared testimony and
questions for the record in hearings?
MYERS: Yes, sir, I will.
LEVIN: Will you cooperate in providing witnesses and briefers in response
to congressional requests?
MYERS: Yes, sir.
LEVIN: And will those witnesses be protected from reprisal for their
testimony?
MYERS: Absolutely.
LEVIN: At this point, we have two colleagues who both claim General Myers
as their own, and we understand why -- fully. It's nice to be fought over
in this way, General. We will first call upon, with the agreement of both
of our colleagues, Senator Carnahan for the first introduction, and then
Senator Roberts for the second introduction.
CARNAHAN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
America is enduring one of the gravest moments in our history. But as holy
scripture reminds us, it always gives us hope, and we are minded from the
book of Esther that there are those who are called to the forefront in
just such times. Sitting next to me is a military leader for our time.
He has been tried and proven time and time again. Our country is indeed
fortunate in this hour of need to have General Richard B. Myers as the
nominee for the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He will inherit a
post of paramount responsibility, charged with taking on new battles and
with deploying new weaponry against the current and insidious threats to
our nation. I believe General Myers is the right man to lead our military
forces in this endeavor, and I enthusiastically endorse his nomination for
the chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
It's a great honor to join Senator Roberts in introducing General Myers to
this committee. Kansas and Missouri have long disputed claims to
territory, as well as collegiate sports titles. Well, today we added to
the historic rivalry between our states. We have a disputed claim over
just which state should claim the nominee for the highest military post in
the land.
But I believe that we can agree on one thing. General Myers would make an
excellent chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. His extensive leadership
in space-based defense, U.S.-Asia policy and defense acquisition make him
an ideal candidate to oversee the military's transformation of the 21st
century.
He is a decorated command pilot, with more than 4,000 hours in the
cockpit, including 600 as a fighter pilot in Vietnam. General Myers has
been awarded the distinguished flying cross twice, and 19 air medals. He
has served with distinction as commander-in-chief of U.S. Space Command
and commander of the Pacific air forces. And for the last two years, he
has served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the vice-chair, leading on the
Joint Requirements Oversights Council and Defense Acquisition Board.
But above all, General Myers has emerged as a powerful voice for America's
service men and women. As the highest ranking officer in the United States
military, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff must promote the
quality of life for our soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines. I have no
doubt that General Myers will be a strong advocate for men and women in
uniform, both active and reserve components. As a distinguished warrior
himself, he can relate to the rigors and sacrifices endured by our service
men and women today.
Mr. Chairman, I urge this committee to recognize the extraordinary
credentials of this nominee with a favorable reporting to the United
States Senate.
LEVIN: Senator Carnahan, we thank you for that strong endorsement.
Senator Roberts?
ROBERTS: Mr. Chairman and Senator Warner, my dear friends and colleagues,
it is both an honor and a privilege for me to introduce to the Senate
Committee on Armed Services General Richard B. Myers as the nominee to be
the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
But first, like our distinguished chairman, let me offer my prayers, my
thoughts to the families of the Americans that lost their lives in regard
to the attack on the United States -- an attack not only on them, our
country, but American democracy and freedom. This will not stand.
I wish to associate myself with the outstanding remarks from my colleague
and friend from Missouri, Senator Carnahan. I would like to revise and
extend just a portion, however.
General Myers was born in St. Luke's Hospital. That's a fine hospital just
across the Kansas border. However, just as soon as he was ambulatory, he
was rescued...
(LAUGHTER)
... and taken back to Kansas to a community called Marion where he has
lived ever since.
ROBERTS: General Myers is not only a Kansan, but as President John
Wiethald (ph) of Kansas State University will point out, just as important
he is a graduate of Kansas State University, the home of the
ever-optimistic and fighting Wildcats...
(LAUGHTER)
... now rated number 10 in the football polls.
Along with his wife Mary Jo (ph), who is a K. State graduate and a
resident of Manhattan, Kansas, America -- what we call the "Little Apple,"
she is an English major, and I have been informed that Mary Jo has spent
the last couple of days staffing the phones at the Army Family Service
Center. Well done, Mary Jo, and thank you so very much.
Please understand, as important as being a fighting Wildcat, that it is an
honor for me to present a man I feel is exceptionally qualified to prepare
and lead our military as we deal with emerging threats, so tragically
portrayed on the 11th of September. We must understand the nature of the
warrior class that makes up these state- sponsored or rogue groups that
are capable of perpetrating the attack the United States suffered as of
Tuesday. Make no mistake about it.
Although the possibility of the classic force-on-force military conflict
must be part of our military's capability, we must also be prepared to
realign our military strength to address the asymmetric in warfare
demonstrated so graphically Tuesday. I am confident that General Myers
understands these issues and is certainly ready for them.
I believe that the General has shown that he has a grasp of the
requirement for military transformation. I am confident that the events of
the past few days will affect the direction of the amount of
transformation our military must undergo under his leadership. Part of the
equation for transformation is the supporting role the United States
military must play in handling the consequences of an act of terrorism.
Againk, the events of this week point out the value of the role played by
our military, our active duty forces, our guard and our reserve. But the
military must have this as a mission and be prepared and be trained to
respond.
Now, I'm not going to reac the impressive military background of the
General, but only add that he is clearly well qualified to lead our
military in this new age that burst in vivid reality on our doorstep on
the 11th, and I uge my colleagues to support General Myers for this most
important post. It again is a privilege and honor to recommend him to you.
I thank you, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Roberts.
To use the football analogy a little further in the competition here to
introduce you, it's a tie between Missouri and Kansas.
(LAUGHTER)
They both won. They both won, and they're both winners indeed.
General Myers, do you have an opening statement for us?
MYERS: Mr. Chairman, I do have a short opening statement.
Mr. Chairman, distinguished members of the committee, thank you for the
opportunity to appear before you today. I especially want to thank Senator
Carnahan of Missouri, my birthplace, for your very kind words. And I
sincerely appreciate your remarks, Senator Roberts, both because you're a
fellow man of the plains and a K. Stater, but more appropriately today
because of your recent chairmanship of the Subcommittee on Emerging
Threats. You've been part of a great team at the leading edge of our
efforts to address the challenge of asymmetric warfare, and for that we're
all in you debt.
Two days ago, our nation sufferred a sudden, horrific attack by
terrorists. They attacked two symbols of our national power -- one
economic and one military -- but not the heart of that power. The heart of
America's strength is found not in its symbols, but in its people -- 270
million determined citizens.
And similarly, the heart of American military power is not a symbol called
the Pentagon. The heart of that power resides in every soldier, sailor,
airman, marine, coast guardsman sworn to defend our Constitution and the
American way of life.
These despicable acts have awakened a national resolve in the American
people and its armed forces that rivals any scene since Pearl Harbor.
Today, due in large measure to the outstanding support of the members
sitting before me, America's military is trained, ready and extremely
capable of responding to the president's clarion call.
If confirmed, I pledge to keep our armed forces at that razor's edge,
first and foremost by sustaining our quality force and taking care of the
heart of our military, our people. They are our decisive edge. We've made
great strides in recent years under the oustanding leadership of General
Hugh Shelton, but we've got to continue the momentum to improve their
quality of life. Hugh Shelton was key in getting us this far, and of
course with your assistance, we can take it to the next level.
MYERS: I will also work tirelessly with our service chiefs and CINCs to
ensure that our troops continue to receive the training, equipment and
support they need to carry out the wide range of missions that we've
assigned to them. And finally, my third priority will be preparing our
military for the security challenges of the future, modernizing and
transforming the force with new, joint capabilities, even as we face the
threats of today.
Members of the committee, if confirmed, I look forward to your wise
counsel in a bipartisan spirit, as we work together to address today's
issues and tomorrow's challenges. I join you in honoring those of our
citizens, military and civilian, who were injured or died in these recent
attacks. Our hearts go out to all who have lost loved ones in this
terrible tragedy. And we will never forget them.
So thank you, Mr. Chairman. I look forward to your questions in a minute.
But first, with your permission, I'd like to talk two issues: the status
of the Pentagon and the civil support measures that we've taken, by the
armed forces, in providing support in New York and Washington, D.C.
LEVIN: Please.
MYERS: First of all, I think as some of you know that have been to the
Pentagon, that the fire is out, that there are some areas that are
water-damaged. And we're starting to clean those up and to move back into
those.
It will leave about a whole wedge of the Pentagon, maybe not quite a
wedge, but almost a wedge of the Pentagon that will need to be rebuilt. So
they're in the process right now of recovering the remains, of determining
the stability of the structure where the airplane hit and already planning
to rebuild that structure.
I was with Senator Cleland when this happened and went back to the
Pentagon. And they were evacuating, of course, the Pentagon at the time.
And I went into the National Military Command Center because that's
essentially my battle station when things are happening.
And it proved to be as resilient as our people did and have throughout
this crisis. And that's where we stayed.
The air got a little acrid at times. The air filtration system shut down
for moments. But we got it back up and were able to stay there throughout
the whole effort.
In terms of military support in New York and Washington, D.C., for the
Pentagon, that support, some of you have seen it, but it's from the
soldiers and sailors and airmen, Marines and Coast Guardsmen from this
area and the local authorities. And there were many first responders.
I can't catalogue all the names on all the sides of all the ambulances and
fire trucks that responded, but they were from all over the District, from
Virginia and from Maryland. And they all pitched in and did exactly what
they had to do.
In New York, the Department of Defense active duty and reserve component,
the Guard and Reserve, have supported every request from FEMA. And to my
knowledge, there may be some outstanding requests, but we are fulfilling
those requests. We fulfilled all the ones that I know of, or in the
process of, maybe a few that we haven't quite responded to yet because of
just the time it takes to move the assets.
They mainly fall in the logistics area and in the medical area and in
transportation. And we're doing that.
There has also been, as you are probably aware, quite a bit of activity by
the North American Aerospace Defense Command in the skies over this great
country. And of course, the Coast Guard has taken special measures
regarding our ports and waterways and our coastline.
With that, Mr. Chairman, I'm prepared to take your questions.
LEVIN: Thank you very much, general.
We will now proceed on the basis of the early bird rule, with a first
round of six minutes each. I understand that approximately 20,000 people
work at the Pentagon, perhaps a few more, that there were 132 killed at
the Pentagon, 64 on the plane that hit the Pentagon.
Can you tell us about what percent of the Pentagon's work space is out of
commission? Do you have any estimate of that?
MYERS: I don't know the exact square footage, sir.
LEVIN: Approximately a percentage of the space -- would it be 20 percent?
MYERS: I would say it's roughly 20 percent or less. And as I said, there
are some areas that are water-damaged. The desk and the chairs are fine.
And they'll be moving back into those. But it's going to be, like I said,
about a wedge, so about roughly 20 percent of the square footage.
LEVIN: General, in your personal view, are there capabilities or equipment
that the armed forces need today to respond to the terrorist attacks that
they do not currently have? Or are they able to respond today, should that
decision be made, to those attacks?
MYERS: Sir, I think we are able to respond today. Of course, there are
always ways to enhance our capabilities. And I think you will see, in a
supplemental that is either here or heading this way, what some of those
capabilities will be.
I'm happy to go into that if you want. Some of them will be in the
intelligence area, of course. Some will be in command and control. And
there will be some in the force protection arena.
There will be others, of course. But let me just reiterate. We have what
we need today to do what we need to do.
LEVIN: Was the Defense Department contacted by the FAA or the FBI or any
other agency after the first two hijacked aircraft crashed into the World
Trade Center, prior to the time that the Pentagon was hit?
MYERS: Sir, I don't know the answer to that question. I can get that for
you, for the record.
LEVIN: Thank you. Did the Defense Department take -- or was the Defense
Department asked to take action against any specific aircraft?
MYERS: Sir, we were . . .
LEVIN: And did you take action against -- for instance, there has been
statements that the aircraft that crashed in Pennsylvania was shot down.
Those stories continue to exist.
MYERS: Mr. Chairman, the armed forces did not shoot down any aircraft.
When it became clear what the threat was, we did scramble fighter
aircraft, AWACS, radar aircraft and tanker aircraft to begin to establish
orbits in case other aircraft showed up in the FAA system that were
hijacked. But we never actually had to use force.
LEVIN: Was that order that you just described given before or after the
Pentagon was struck? Do you know?
MYERS: That order, to the best of my knowledge, was after the Pentagon was
struck.
LEVIN: General Myers, you have agreed to give us your personal views, even
when they might disagree with the administration in power. But the
secretary was quoted in a July article as saying that his choice for
chairman would have to possess candor and forthrightness, of course -- he
said -- but he wanted this willingness to disagree to show up only in very
direct, private counsel.
Now, have you been told that your willingness to disagree should show up
only in private counsel? Or are you committed to give us your personal
views when asked, even if those views might differ with that of the
secretary?
MYERS: Sir, I've never been told to limit my views to private. And as I
said earlier, Mr. Chairman, absolutely.
LEVIN: Thank you. General, you indicated in response to one of the
committee's pre- hearing policy questions, as to what your priorities
would be if confirmed, that one of your priorities would be to better
define the military's role in homeland security. I'm wondering if you
could tell us what your concerns are in this area and what role you
believe the military should play.
MYERS: Mr. Chairman, that issue was debated in our quadrennial defense
review. And it's still being debated. I think this current tragedy puts
that issue center stage.
As the commander-in-chief of North American Aerospace Defense Command, as
well as U.S. Space Command, we had plans to deploy our fighters to defend
from external threats. I never thought we'd see what we saw the last few
days, where we had fighters over our cities, defending against a threat
that originated inside the United States of America.
So I think this whole issue of homeland defense or homeland security needs
a lot more thought. There is a role, obviously, for the Department of
Defense. What that role is, I'm not confident I know that answer today.
But I just know that the debate needs to take place now.
We've had other issues that we have worked in seminar games, if you will,
or exercises, where we've looked at other incidents of weapons of mass
destruction. And what we found in some of those is that local authorities
are often quickly overcome by the situation. And there is going to be
reliance, I believe, on some of the capabilities that we have inside the
department.
So we need to sort through those issues. To tell you exactly what our role
ought to be, I don't know for sure. I just think we need to think through
that, so the next time we have a terrible tragedy, that we are ready to
act in a unified way and a focused way.
That is not to say that we haven't done that in this crisis. I think we
have come together very, very well. But it certainly raises those
questions, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you very much.
Senator Inhofe?
INHOFE: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
First of all, in spite of what my distinguished friends and senators from
Missouri and Kansas, it's always been recognized that a military man's
life begins at his first training, which was Vance Air Force Base. So I'll
look forward to voting to confirm my fellow Oklahoman.
(LAUGHTER)
MYERS: Thank you, senator.
INHOFE: There is one question that I'm going to ask, just for the record,
because I don't think there's an answer today, but it's one I'd like to
have you giving some thought to, and that is the idea of depots. I think
we recognize that we need a corps capability in public depots.
We've gone through a BRAC round where we eliminated two of the five and
transferred the workloads, which was the appropriate thing to do. However,
we're using antiquated, World War II plants, buildings, maintenance
operations. And for the record, at a later date, if you would submit
something, like your ideas as to where they should fit in and how we can
modernize them, I'd appreciate it.
MYERS: Will do, senator.
INHOFE: All right, sir.
As having chaired the Readiness Committee for a number of years, I'm
concerned there's a lot of problems that are readiness problems. One if
encroachment, everything from the environmental constraints to training
ranges, the urban sprawl -- of course, at Nellis, you experienced that and
that's still a problem out there -- air space restrictions, loss of
frequency spectrum. These are all very, very serious problems.
Recently, we've been concerned with the Vieques range, which of course is
Navy and Marine. However, if we, for the first time in our nation's
history, were allowed to -- would allow some lawbreaking trespassers to
close down a live range, it would have a domino effect throughout not just
America, but throughout the world.
So I'd like to have you kind of address, in general, the encroachment
problems as you see them and what possible solutions are out there.
MYERS: Senator Inhofe, an excellent question because it's at the heart of
our readiness. Our training facilities and our training ranges are
absolutely essential to staying ready to discharge the missions that this
country wants us to perform. And encroachment is a problem.
It's been a problem for a long, long time. What I would like to say is
that the department has, in the last year, really focused on this issue
and is trying to work it with, again, a unity of effort, led by the OSD
staff and with the support of the individual services and the joint staff.
I think that's going to help mitigate the effects that we're having right
now. I think this will be something that we're going to have to deal with
for an awfully long time to come, as we develop new weapons systems, as
they require more space or different support facilities.
As we try to pursue that, we're going to have to find that right balance
between our readiness and the environment and the people that we have an
impact on. Technology could play a part in that. And I think we are taking
steps to ensure that it does.
I would just like to leave you with a thought that the department is very
focused on this particular issue right now. And I think we'll be
successful, just through . . .
INHOFE: Yeah, I know that's right. And one of the dilemmas -- let's just
take one of the southeastern ground bases like Camp Lejeune or Fort Bragg,
where their training areas are interrupted by the suspected habitat of the
red-cockaded woodpecker. And the better job they do, the more that
expected habitat is expanded.
So they're being punished for the job that they're doing. This is
something that I think you need to look at because it's happening
throughout the southeast part of the United States.
MYERS: And we will, senator.
INHOFE: All right. Good. And then the general readiness question is the
deficiencies that were discussed by the CINCs in this very room when we
had them in here. I think the cost, I don't remember the exact cost, but
the spare parts, lack of ammunition, shortage of flying hours and all
these, these are just general readiness issues.
You know, it's one of these situations where it's all bleeding. It's all
hemorrhaging. And I know it's -- you're putting yourself in a situation
where you're going to have to try to make some priorities. But do you have
any thoughts about what you can do on these general problems of readiness
out there?
MYERS: Yes, sir, Senator Inhofe.
MYERS: We have, as you know well, having just marked up the president's
'02 budget, the majority of the increase in that budget was for just those
things: for flying hours, for driving time for the Army, for steaming time
for the Navy, for the spare parts to keep the whole military machine
healthy and to try to do so in a way that wouldn't require coming back to
the Congress for a supplemental.
And so I think the efforts over the last several years, some of which are,
again, just starting to pay dividends because of lead time. And certainly
with the '02 or the '01 supplemental and the '02 budget, I think we've
taken steps to ameliorate some of those shortfalls.
Go ahead, senator.
INHOFE: And I was going to mention one other thing. I know my time is
running out, but one last question having to do with modernization.
I was pleased when General Jumper made a statement some time ago -- about
a year ago now, I guess it was -- that gave us an opportunity to have some
credibility when we talked about the fact that we have not -- we have
slipped a lot in our modernization programs. Most Americans may disagree
with the causes of wars or with some of the problems that we have, but
they all have been laboring under, I think, this misconception that we
have the very best of everything out there.
And we don't have the very best anymore. Our best air-to-air vehicle, the
F-15, air-to-ground vehicle, the F-16, in many ways, the SU series that's
on the open market, manufactured by the Russians, are better than that
what we have.
So I'm sure that that's one of your top priorities. And if you have any
comments to make about your ideas on modernization, maybe specifically the
F-22.
MYERS: Senator Inhofe, modernization is a huge issue. And when it comes to
tactical air, the dilemma we're in -- and I think this is true for the Air
Force for sure, for the Navy to a little lesser degree, for Marine Corps
for sure. And I don't mean, it's just in degrees here.
But these procurements go in cycles over time. And for most of this
decade, we have not bought a lot of tactical air.
So what our tactical air assets have done have just continued to age. And
I would agree with your comments. We are not always flying the best
fighters in the world anymore.
In terms of the F-22, I think it's absolutely essential. The secretary of
defense has authorized entry into low-rate production. And that decision
should be made here through OMB very, very quickly. I can go into more
detail if you want.
INHOFE: That's fine, general.
And my time has expired. But I'd also want you to look at other services;
for example, our artillery capability, our rapid-fire, our ranges. The
Paladin that we're using now is not as good as almost any country that
could be a potential adversary.
MYERS: Senator, I absolutely agree.
And though I sit here in front of you in a blue uniform of the United
States Air Force, my whole focus is going to be on what the contribution
is of systems to the joint warfighting equation. And that's it.
So that naturally takes me into every service's modernization programs
and, for that matter, other concepts that they may have and doctrinal
changes. That's all important to me.
INHOFE: Thank you.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Inhofe.
Senator Akaka.
AKAKA: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
We've heard many good statements on General Myers. I would like to express
my welcome and support for the nomination of General Richard E. Myers to
serve as the chairman for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. I also want to
welcome Mrs. Myers to this hearing as well.
I had the pleasure of first meeting General Myers when he served as the
commander of the Pacific Air Forces, PACAF, from 1997 to 1998 at Hickam in
Hawaii. And while he was there, he made a big difference in the Pacific.
I also want to thank General Myers for taking the time to visit with me
last week to discuss a number of issues. And some of the questions I would
have asked here, we did discuss it in your visit. And so I will ask you
other questions.
But I just want to say, Mr. Chairman, I have full confidence in General
Myers' ability to serve in this critical position. And I look forward to
working with you, General Myers.
MYERS: Thank you, senator.
AKAKA: Of course, I'm very interested about what will be happening to
Hawaii and what changes may come. My question is about the Asian Theater
threats.
How will U.S. forces be altered to focus on potential Asian Theater
threats, as identified by Secretary Rumsfeld? And how might this affect
force posture in Hawaii?
MYERS: Senator Akaka, that is the subject of two things. One is the
quadrennial defense review, which is ongoing and the defense planning
guidance, which ask the services to look at several posture options around
the world, to include the Pacific, the Asia-Pacific region.
Some of those do-outs won't come back until next spring, when the services
will come back with some of their ideas on perhaps a more efficient
posture for their forces. And some of it will come out of the review, of
course, as well. So it's a little bit premature because we have not
finished those reviews.
Again, it's going to be trying to balance our obligations around the globe
and the missions that we're given. Clearly, the emphasis on Asia-Pacific
is the one the secretary has set for us and one that we embrace. And we're
looking at exactly those questions. I think it's just a little bit early
to give you specifics on that, sir.
AKAKA: General -- and this will be my final question, I want to be brief
-- what are the first measures that need to be taken for military
transformation, in your opinion?
MYERS: Well, transformation, we could talk a long time about
transformation. Let me just talk about one aspect of it, I think, that
gets perhaps to your question. And it goes back to ensuring that, inside
the Department of Defense, we have unity of effort for transforming --
and, for that matter, modernizing -- our forces.
Part of that includes guidance from the office of the secretary of defense
and the staff. Part of that includes work that the services will do. Part
of that includes development of joint operational concepts and
architectures that must lead, development of material, items that might
enhance our joint -- or our transformation.
And of course, there is a major part that resides at Joint Forces Command
down in Norfolk because they've got the role of experimentation, which you
would think would led our transformation efforts. And it's trying to focus
those efforts between all those pieces: the acquisition community, the
requirements community and the programming and budgeting process.
We've got to bring all that together to encourage and to help our
transformation. The secretary of defense has -- very rightly, I think --
focused in on our programming and budgeting system as being a product of
the Cold War and is looking to make changes in it to make it more
responsive to our transformation needs.
So if I were to talk about it, I would talk about the process first and
the products later.
AKAKA: Thank you very much for your responses.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Akaka.
Senator Smith.
SMITH: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Mr. Chairman, is your intention to go one round and then go into executive
session?
LEVIN: It's going to depend on how long the round takes, I think. But
there also may be a delay on the executive session. Senator Warner and I
need to go now to meet with the leadership at 4:30. And that could affect
that.
We may have to have an interim period of some time, which would hopefully
last no more than 15 or 20 minutes. So there's a little bit of uncertainty
now about when that will begin. I've just been informed. However, I would
say we'd hope to do it in one round, but perhaps if there are some
questions which we simply need to ask, we would have a very short second
round, would be my hope.
SMITH: Thank you.
General Myers, congratulations on the honor of being selected as chairman.
It is amazing, really, to think that what normally is just a perfunctory
service, if you will, of the committee to bring the nominees in, whether
it's the chairman or other positions on the joint chiefs, it's usually
become just a few questions and answers and then move forward with your
nomination, now takes on huge implications.
And I just want you to know, speaking for myself and I know I speak for
others, we have great confidence in your and the job that you're going to
have to face. And just want to let you know we're with you and look
forward to doing the nation's business.
MYERS: Thank you, senator.
SMITH: I just have -- it's hard to stay out of what happened, but I do
have a couple of questions that I want to ask in classified session. But I
want to ask you one that got some publicity, to see if you can answer it
here. If you can't, then fine. Say so and we'll do it in executive,
classified session.
But there were some reports that there were some international flights
headed here during this episode. That is not unreasonable, to think
international flights might be coming here. But I mean that may have been
turned around abruptly after things developed.
Is there any truth to the accusation that there may have been some
international flights involved with this activity? Do we have any
information on that?
MYERS: I do not have complete information because at the time it happened
-- I can give you there was one flight inbound to the U.S. that had turned
on its transponder and indicated a code that it was being hijacked. Before
it got to Alaska, we had fighter aircraft on it. It eventually landed in a
remote base in Canada.
And the problem is, I do not know -- and they were safe. And I don't know
the results of that, whether it was a mistaken switch setting or what it
was. I can't tell you that.
We can find that answer for you, senator.
SMITH: The plane was not hijacked? It just landed.
MYERS: Well, we don't know. I'd better say I don't know because we had
other things to do at that time. And once it was safely on the ground and
the passengers were safe, we went on to the next order of business.
That was in the middle of all this. We had reports of other aircraft, one
other aircraft that I'm aware of. And the reports were somewhat mixed and
I don't think were true because it was turned around by the operating
company and went back to Europe on its own and was fine.
So the only one I know of that even comes close is the one I mentioned.
And I don't know if that was a hijack attempt or some other kind of duress
that the airplane was under.
SMITH: Do we know the country of origin?
MYERS: Not for sure.
SMITH: Mr. Chairman, I have some other . . .
MYERS: I can tell you in closed session what I do know.
SMITH: I'll wait for that.
I have some other questions, Mr. Chairman, but I'm going to submit those
for the record because they don't relate to the current environment and
I'll yield back the remainder of my time.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Smith, very much.
Senator Carnahan?
CARNAHAN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
General Myers, I understand that you've had extensive experience in
planning for combating cyber attacks. I was wondering if you would
describe your work in this emerging field and elaborate on your plans to
build off of these experiences?
MYERS: Well, where I first ran into the responsibility was when I was at
U.S. Space Command. And about a month after I arrived, after I was
confirmed by the committee and I arrived for duty, the president and the
secretary of defense decided that the responsibility for defense of the
DOD networks would fall to U.S. Space Command and then, a year later, that
U.S. Space Command would have the responsibility for attack.
By the way, I didn't get a vote in this. This was a responsibility that
was issued.
We had to learn very quickly on how to go about these responsibilities.
Since then, we have come a very, very long way. And General Eberhart, who
now serves at U.S. Space Command, has really taken this to the next level.
Here in Washington, D.C., we have a joint task force for computer network
operations. It does its job through coordination with all the services, of
course, and other agencies. There is great cooperation with our civilian
telecom folks. And there is also great cooperation with the FBI and other
civil authorities who have a role in all this.
The thing I would like to leave you with is it's not unlike the earlier
question about homeland defense or homeland security. Certainly, when
you're under attack in a cyber way, fairly quickly you have to determine:
is this an attack on the United States by another nation or another group
that wants to do you harm? Is it a prankster?
So it essentially comes down to: is this a civil matter? Or is this a
national defense or a national security matter? And we have mechanisms for
deciding that. But I think that's another area, along with the whole
homeland defense issue, that needs a lot more thought.
I would just end by saying that the mechanisms set up for cyber security
for the Department of Defense have been very effective. And the recent
viruses that have spread throughout the country have had essentially no
impact on our operation.
CARNAHAN: The Emerging Threats Subcommittee has been involved in examining
the National Guard's role in managing the aftereffects of a nuclear or
chemical or biological attack. For example, we are continuing to help
develop the weapons of mass destruction civil support teams. And these
teams, some of them are being trained in Army facilities around the
country, including Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri.
And they are being trained to work with some of the emergency first
responders to decontaminate areas and to help with medical aid. I was
wondering if you would describe what you feel the importance of these are
and detail your commitment to honing our abilities to respond to such
attacks.
MYERS: Senator Carnahan, absolutely. I think they're just extremely
important.
This is an area where the National Guard, I think, can play a key role. I
think they're ideally suited for this type of mission because it's one
they can train for. And, God forbid, we'll never have to use them. But if
we do, they'll be ready. They'll be trained.
I think those missions are perhaps more natural for the National Guard
than some of the current missions. So that's one of the things we have to
look at, as we look at the overall issue of homeland defense, is the role
of the reserve component, primarily the National Guard and how they would
play in this.
I think it's extremely important. I think the National Guard's role is
only going to increase.
CARNAHAN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you very much, Senator Carnahan.
Let me apologize to my colleagues. I had the wrong list in front of me, in
terms of the order of calling on senators. And as a result, there were
people called out of order on both sides already.
And now I have the alleged correct order. And let me now read it because
there has been some confusion on this. The next senator on the Democratic
side would be the senator who I should have called on first.
Senator Cleland. I apologize to you.
And then, it would go to Senator Roberts, back to Senator Reed, back to
Senator Allard. Senator Akaka, who I wasn't supposed to call on until way
later, got called early. So I would then go back to Senator Nelson, then
to Senator Collins and then to Senator Lieberman, who is no longer here.
But Senator Carnahan, apparently you got called early, so you got -- I
don't know how that can happen when you introduced our nominee. But
nonetheless, if I haven't totally confused you by now, that's the new
order of calling on senators. And I apologize.
(UNKNOWN): What about the rest?
LEVIN: Oh, the rest? Let me finish the list, in that case. After Senator
Lieberman, on this side, will be Senator Bunning, then Senator Ben Nelson,
Senator McCain, Senator Landrieu, Senator Hutchinson, Senator Dayton,
Senator Sessions.
(UNKNOWN): About midnight?
LEVIN: No, we're going to try to do that by -- multiply six times about 15
and you got it. So we just called -- Senator Carnahan was there.
So now, it's Senator Roberts.
ROBERTS: I thank the chairman.
In August, general, General Shelton sent an action memo requesting
permission for -- I'm quoting -- "transfer of antiterrorism force
protection" -- the acronym, everything has to be an acronym, ATFP,
"functions to the assistant secretary of defense for special operations
and low-intensity conflicts." That's a long one, ASD SOLIC.
And he stated, in that action memo, that ATFP is not a statutory function
of the JCS and is more appropriately the shared responsibility of OSD, the
CINCs and the services. Now, I was prepared to address this issue before
the 11 September tragedy. But I must tell you I am not -- not --
supportive of the JCS not being involved in antiterrorism force
protection.
I do agree that OSD and the CINCs and the services must be involved as
well. It's their responsibility, but so must the JCS. This is too big of
an issue not to have the leadership, I think, that your office can bring.
Would you give your views on General Shelton's request? And can you shed
some light on this decision?
MYERS: Senator Roberts, to my knowledge, that was a recommendation to the
secretary of defense. And again, to my knowledge, I don't believe we have
a decision on it yet.
On General Shelton's thoughts behind this, was basically unity of effort.
The services and the unified commanders are the ones that are responsible
for force protection. The role that this office and the joint staff played
and the role of the office of the secretary of defense are staff functions
to disseminate policy, work the resources and so forth.
The idea was, if you're looking for redundancy, maybe this is a place you
could look and that, from a staff function, not from any other shirking of
responsibility, but from a staff function, who should have that
responsibility? And that was the chairman's thoughts at the time.
It was to eliminate some redundancy, is what he was thinking.
ROBERTS: We're going to have to talk about that later. I won't go into it
right now.
But I have another question. It may be somewhat redundant, in regards to a
question that was asked previously.
Last November, the GAO reported that the services were not integrating
their chemical and biological defense into unit exercises and that the
training, if done, was not always realistic, in terms of how units would
operate in war. Similarly, the DOD reported last year that the Army's
combat training centers continue to see units at all levels unable to
perform all chemical and biological defense tasks to standard.
The DOD report, like the recent GAO report, noted that less than
satisfactory performance of the units is directly attributable to the lack
of a chemical and biological training at the unit's home installations.
What is your assessment of that?
Let me say, however, that if you had asked me and Mary Landrieu, the
distinguished chairman of emerging threats, what we would have expected on
11 November, if in fact we knew there was going to be an attack, we would
have probably said a biological weaponry of some kind, perhaps chemical,
perhaps a cyber attack. I don't think any of us would have come up with a
top 10 saying that terrorists would hijack four airplanes, kill the crew,
endanger and kill the passengers and then attack American icon
infrastructures.
But having said that, there is a very realistic possibility in regards to
chemical and biological defense. I am worried about it. What comments do
you have?
MYERS: Senator Roberts, I am worried about it as well. And I agree with
your threat assessment. I think that we know that is a real threat to our
forces deployed around the world and, perhaps from terrorism, in the
United States.
So we've got to be ready. Now, this is interesting because when I got to
the Pacific in the early '90s, we decided this was not a big threat. And
we started to tear down some of our infrastructure that supported it.
I know this is true in the United States Air Force because I had an Air
Force hat on at that time. And then we were told no, as we looked at the
threat, this was the wrong direction. So we've tried to get that ship
turned in a different direction.
I think we're in that process. And we've got to be just as ready for that
kind of threat as we are for the more conventional threat.
So I agree with your comments. And it's one of the things that, if I'm
confirmed, that I'll take a hard look at.
ROBERTS: Are the deployed units falling short of standards for
chemical-bio defense capabilities set by joint doctrine?
MYERS: Sir, I'll have to get back to you on that. That's not one of the
things that has come up in the readiness reporting that I review monthly.
So I'll have to get back to you on that, sir.
ROBERTS: I have no further questions, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Roberts.
Senator Cleland?
CLELAND: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
I just want to thank Senator Roberts and Senator Landrieu for, over the
last couple of years, making this senator more and more painfully aware of
the unconventional threats to our country, which manifested themselves on
Tuesday.
General, it's a good thing that, as I look back at that morning, that you
and I were meeting. It's a good thing we were meeting here and not us
meeting in the Pentagon because about the time you and I were having our
visit, discussing the need to boost our conventional forces, to look at
the question of terrorism and attacks on the United States, at just about
that very moment, the Pentagon was being hit.
MYERS: Yes, sir.
CLELAND: So, it's good to see you.
MYERS: Good to see you, senator.
CLELAND: I'm glad to be here with you. In thinking of this moment in
American history, I think no new chairman of the joint chiefs of staff has
ever taken over in such a perilous time, maybe with the exception of some
officers who took over in December 1941, when we didn't have a joint
chiefs of staff.
But you take over at a perilous moment, a historic moment, but one filled
with opportunity. Our wonderful chaplain, Dr. Lloyd Ogilvie (ph), says
that sometimes life can be awfully simple or simply awful. Tuesday, it was
simply awful, as we all know.
One of the things that it seems to me, though, is that some things came
out of that that are awfully simple and that is: number one, we need to
boost our intelligence capability; two, we need to make sure that so much
of our assets, more of our assets, are put forward toward
counter-terrorism activity; and three, that the United States American
military has to be an integral part of this and that cyber-terrorism is a
part of this in the future. These are findings that have been brought
before the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and before this committee in
the last couple of years, that we needed to be more prepared in these
areas.
And so, with Tuesday's events, for me it's awfully simple: that this is
where we've got to beef up. It is amazing that we spend well over $300
billion a year on defense and yet, Tuesday, we seemed very much
defenseless.
So I just wondered what lessons, over the last 72 hours, you have quickly
learned that are awfully simple to you that you can share with this
committee.
MYERS: Well, I think you've hit on some of them. And as I mentioned
earlier, one of the first things we need to do -- and this will take some
thought because it's not without differing views on the issue -- and that
is what is the department's role in this type of activity inside the
United States?
Overseas, it's a little easier to envision. Inside this great country,
it's a little bit more difficult.
So what is our role? What is our mission and so forth? And so that's the
homeland defense issue. And we need to get about that business of coming
to grips with that and how all the agencies of this government collaborate
and cooperate to bring focus to the problem.
I would also, on the intelligence side, say that obviously that's a lesson
learned.
As you know, Senator Cleland, there is a major review of our intel
apparatus going on right now. And I think it goes without saying that our
intelligence operations are structured as they were during the Cold War.
They're looking at that.
And my guess is they'll have substantial changes to the way we're perhaps
organized and, for sure, equipped to deal with the 21st century. And
you'll see some of that in the supplemental that is coming this way.
Another issue that came to my mind that maybe others haven't thought of is
the absolute essential nature of our communications. And they worked fine
in this crisis. But you could envision other scenarios, other asymmetric
attacks on the United States, where maybe our communications wouldn't work
so well.
And we spend a lot of money for secure, survivable communications. And we
have a program to do that over time. It's got some funding problems right
now.
But if it drove something home to me, is the need to fund that properly
and to make sure -- and I'm not saying this incident would trigger
something like that, but you could have incidents you could think where
you might not have the comms (ph) you need to have with the country's
leadership to make the kind of decisions you need to make. And so I would
add that one to your list.
CLELAND: One of the other things that seems awfully simple to me is that
Senator Roberts and I took the floor to a relatively empty Senate last
year and five or six different times talked about the role of America in
the wake of the Cold War being over and that, in many ways, we were
hyperextended. We were overextended. Our forces were spread thing.
And I personally, like you and others in this body here, have been to see
where we have spent $300 million in defending, with Camp Bonnestille (ph),
Kosovo; where throughout the continent of Europe; where last August I was
up on the DNZ; where we've got 37,000 troops in Korea. For this
hyperextension of American power, all around the globe, it does seem
ironic to me that we can't defend New York and Washington.
I mean, so some things were simply awful on Tuesday. But I think out of
that come some things that, to me, are awfully simple. And that these are
the priorities we ought to focus on.
Thank you very much for your service and God bless you.
MYERS: Thank you.
CLELAND: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Cleland.
Senator Allard.
ALLARD: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I'd like to join my colleagues in congratulating you, General Myers, on a
very successful career, part of which was in the state of Colorado, as
commander of U.S. Space Command. And I felt like we had a great working
relationship there. And I want to ask you some questions on missile
defense and then maybe a question or two on the Space Commission report,
if I have time.
On missile defense, in your advance questions to the committee, you
thought that it would be reasonable to deploy a ballistic missile defense
if it met four criteria relating to deployment and threat, cost
effectiveness and operational capability. You also stated in your answers
that you believe that deploying a ballistic missile defense to defend the
United States from a limited attack was in the national security interest.
And so I have four questions related to that. Have you concluded that the
ballistic missile threat warrants such a deployment?
MYERS: Sir, my conclusion is that it has. And if I can expand just a
minute?
ALLARD: Yes.
MYERS: We've had, for quite some time now, the threat of the shorter-range
missiles against our troops. And we saw that starkly in Desert Storm when
the so-called Scud missile went into Dhahran and killed over 20 of our
U.S. personnel.
Since that time, the proliferation of missile technology, of course, has
spread to many other countries. So from the shorter-range missiles to the
longer-range missiles, I think we can now say that we absolutely, there is
a -- at least there is the capability out there. And this could be a
threat to the United States.
ALLARD: Have you concluded that affordable, cost-effective ballistic
missile defenses can be developed and deployed?
MYERS: I think that part remains to be determined. I think we're well on
the way to that. But I think there is -- I think for the shorter-range
missiles, the answer is absolutely yes.
In fact, this month is the month the first unit equipped for the new
Patriot III system, which is the -- that is a response. And it's taken us
10 years, but we have a response now for the shorter-range missiles that
is much more effective than the missile defenses we had during Desert
Storm. And as I said, the first unit will be equipped this month and then
follow-on units, of course.
So I think, for the shorter-range missiles, the answer is yes. For the
threats against the United States, I think the honest answer to that is
we've got to wait and see. My gut tells me that yes, we'll be able to
develop this in a way that is affordable and effective.
I think that's what General Kadish has testified before this committee.
But we need to watch that.
ALLARD: Have you concluded that such systems will be operationally
effective?
MYERS: Again, I think we have to -- I have not concluded that yet. Again,
on the shorter-range systems, I think we can say Patriot III has been
through extensive testing. I think we can say it's effective.
We're going to have to look at the rest of them as they come on board:
so-called THAAD, the potential Navy systems, airborne laser. Many of those
are in developmental stages. And I think it's too early to say that
they're, at this moment, effective.
But I think the vector for all of them is actually positive. And we're
just going to have to evaluate those, as we do all systems, as they come
on-line, through appropriate testing.
ALLARD: Have you concluded that such systems will increase U.S. security?
MYERS: If they meet those criteria that we talked about earlier, Senator
Allard, I would say they do. In the terms, I'll go back to Patriot III
again, I think it does increase our security. And we'll just have to see,
as the other systems come on board.
If they develop as the requirements call for them to develop, then I think
we'll be able to say yes to that. But for some of those systems, it's
probably too early.
ALLARD: I'd like to turn to the Space Commission report.
MYERS: Yes, sir.
ALLARD: The commission recommended that the United States -- and I quote
-- "develop, deploy and maintain the means to deter attack and to defend
vulnerable space capabilities, including defense in space." And then they
go on -- quote -- "power projection in and from and through space."
What new investment should the Defense Department make to develop, deploy
and maintain the capabilities described in the Space Commission report?
MYERS: Some of those we can probably talk about here in open session and
some of those we're probably going to have to talk about in the closed
session or separately. The one that immediately comes to mind that I think
we can talk about and is fundamental to the term we use as space control,
which is guaranteeing access to space for our use and denying it when
appropriate to adversaries, and that is space surveillance, our ability to
know what is going on in space.
We have a system today that is made up of many different elements, some of
which are quite old. It needs to be refurbished. The goals have been set
in the defense planning guidance to do exactly that. So that's one I think
we can talk about.
We can talk about the absolute fundamental nature of space control to
everything else we want to do in space. And it all starts with knowing
what's going on up there. So space surveillance is the one I'd highlight.
ALLARD: I'd like to now go to, since I still have some time left, to go to
space-based radar.
MYERS: Yes, sir.
ALLARD: This has been a controversial program between the House and the
Senate and that came out in the conference. Last year and in previous
years, we've had quite a bit of discussion on it.
What is your feeling about space-based radar. And can you relate to this
committee whether the Air Force and OSD have decided to deploy space-based
radar?
MYERS: The whole issue about space-based radar, if we take it up to the
next level, is what we're talking about here is persistence. We're talking
about the difference between reconnaissance, which looks at things in
elements of time, to something that surveils, that looks at something all
the time.
We're pretty much in the reconnaissance mode today. My personal view is,
in intelligence, we need to go to the surveillance mode for this kind of
capability.
And so, when the technology is ready and affordable, my vote would be that
we need to pursue this initiative. This is something that's also captured,
I think, in our defense planning guidance, as I recall. There is emphasis
there.
This will not be -- my time at Space Command taught me, since I delved
into this at length, this will not something that will be quickly able to
put on orbit. There is a lot of technological work yet to do. Having said
that, my own view is that this is achievable over time and that, when we
have an affordable system, one we can put up, that we ought to pursue
that.
ALLARD: Thank you. My time is expired.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Allard.
Senator Reed?
REED: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
And welcome, General Myers.
And let me thank you and Mrs. Myers for a lifetime of selfless service to
the Air Force and to the United States. And knowing that you're a graduate
of the Army War College, I know you're prepared for the duties that you
will soon assume.
Let me also take up the issue of national missile defense. Given the
answers to your previous questions and with respect to a national missile
defense against long-range, intercontinental missiles, would you recommend
deployment of such a system in this fiscal year that's coming up?
MYERS: A deployment of the system in this fiscal year? My understanding is
that we're not ready for deployment in the fiscal year '03?
REED: Would you recommend acquiring additional missiles, some of which
have not been tested, for a contingency deployment in the upcoming fiscal
year?
MYERS: I think whatever system we deploy has to be -- we have to have high
confidence in its ability to do the job that we require it to do. So . . .
REED: Could you estimate, given your knowledge today, when you would have
that high confidence? Next fiscal year? The following fiscal year?
MYERS: Senator Reed, I can't give you the details on that. I would rely on
General Kadish and his folks to provide that assessment.
REED: Thank you. And in terms of the security of the United States with
deployment of such a system, what criteria would you look to?
MYERS: The ones that Senator Allard talked about before and that we have
to know that we have a technical capability that meets the operational
requirement and that it's affordable.
REED: Not specifically, for example. There is a discussion recently in the
press that China is proposing to increase its long- range missile fleet.
And there is some suggestion that the administration has not actively
discouraged them because such a fleet could clearly overwhelm any national
missile defense we would deploy and therefore, the Chinese would take
confidence that we would deploy a system that's not a threat to them.
But that increase of missiles, would that be a more stable world, in your
view, or a more complicated world?
MYERS: Let me attack it from the other side, and that is attack your
question from the other side. I think one of the fundamental things we
have to do is be able to protect our troops overseas and our U.S.
citizens. We've talked about the threat. And I think there's a threat on
both sides.
We know we have a short-range threat. We've had that for some time now.
There is a longer-range threat that has been acknowledged.
So I would say that whatever steps we can take to handle that threat, to
defeat that threat, are appropriate. And our troops and our allies and, I
think, our U.S. citizens would want us to do that.
REED: Well, let me just say that I think there is a strong sense of
support, obviously, for increased research in all of these areas; also for
deployment because it seems to be capable -- as you mentioned, the PAC-3
is ready for deployment -- of theater missile defense systems. And with
that, I think we're all in agreement.
Let me ask another question. This is one that touches upon the whole issue
of strategic posture of the United States.
If a foreign power launched a missile against the United States, even if
that missile were intercepted, would you recommend to the president we
retaliate against that act of war?
MYERS: That's a hypothetical situation. But I can put my old hat on back
at North American Aerospace Defense Command because that was exactly the
responsibility that fell. And the situation you have posed, if there was a
missile launched and we intercepted it, would I advocate a response?
In that scenario, in that narrow scenario, absolutely not. In fact, as we
sat there in Cheyenne Mountain and showing, taking people through the
mountain, we played a simulation of what an attack on the United States
might look like. And the frustrating part was, you know, we do a pretty
good job of telling folks we're under attack with very high assurance, but
there's nothing you could do about it.
It would be wonderful if we had that capability. And it would give the
national command authorities time then to refine a response. And it might
not be to retaliate, which might help stabilize the situation.
REED: General, again, I think your experience and your service is
extraordinary. And it gives us, at least it gives me, confidence because
you're going to be confronting these very difficult issues, some of which
are, at this point, mercifully hypothetical. But your judgment and your
experience is extremely valuable.
If I have additional time, I'd like to turn to a more, I think, procedural
issue; that is, with the damage to the Pentagon, when do you estimate that
the QDR might be publicly released?
MYERS: Excellent question, sir. And I can tell you, we've been meeting for
the last, whatever, 48 hours or so and our sole focus has been on the
issue at hand. The QDR word has not come up once.
And I regret that I don't have a good answer for you. I think that since
that is the secretary's product, I know he has been totally consumed by
the current situation. We can get an answer for the record for you.
I'm sure he is thinking about that, probably about now as well. But I
don't have an answer for you, sir.
REED: And just, if I have additional time, a final question, which goes
back to the events of last Tuesday. And this was a national tragedy of
historic proportions.
But it seems to me, in a very narrow point of force protection, that in
terms of the Pentagon, a major military facility, you had absolutely no
advance warning that such an attack was being contemplated, prepared,
planned or executed. Is that correct?
MYERS: There was no strategic warning that this was contemplated or
planned, to the best of my knowledge.
REED: And I presume, based on your discussion with Senator Cleland, that
this has been a source of almost immediate examination and review by the
Department of Defense, as to what can be done in the future to avoid this
situation?
MYERS: Absolutely. And it's not just the Department of Defense, but all
the civil agencies as well that have intel apparatus, given that this, you
know, that they may have knowledge as well.
REED: Thank you very much.
MYERS: Absolutely.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Reed.
Senator Collins?
COLLINS: Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.
General Myers, let me join my colleagues in congratulating you on your
appointment. But also, I want to express my sorrow and sympathy to you. I
realize that all of you who work in the Pentagon have friends and
co-workers and associates that are missing.
And it must be a very difficult time for all of you. And I just want to
extend my sympathy and condolences to you.
MYERS: Thank you, senator.
COLLINS: In the priorities that you submitted to the committee in response
to an advance question, you said that we should better define the
military's role in homeland security. And obviously, given the events of
this week, we're very happy to see that you have included that as a
priority.
Under the 1986 Goldwater-Nichols law, most of the world has been divided
up into geographic areas, each assigned to a specific regional
commander-in-chief, the CINCs, who in time of crisis serve as the
military's top crisis manager or warfighter in that area. It's my
understanding, however, that the United States territory itself is not
thought of in those same terms.
If we're going to increase our focus on homeland defense, does that mean
that we should consider the possibility of treating our own country as, to
some extent, a military operational command, the way we have divided the
rest of the world?
MYERS: Senator Collins, I think the best way to answer that is that, in a
sense, we have already done that. We have the Joint Forces Command, which
is located in Norfolk. And the forces in the United States, for the most
part -- there's some exception with Naval forces and Marine forces on the
West Coast -- but for the most part, the forces in the United States, the
components of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines, report to Joint
Forces Command.
In addition, we have, within the last year-and-a-half, stood up a joint
task force for civil support at Joint Forces Command, which has the
responsibility to handle incidents of weapons of mass destruction in these
United States. On top of that, we've got the North American Aerospace
Defense Command, which worries about the air sovereignty over Canada, over
the North American continent, over Canada and the United States.
I think what we need to do beyond that is what I think you're suggesting:
is there a larger role for the Defense Department in handling potential
incidents in the future and exactly what that role will be. And that's one
that, as I've indicated, I think will take a lot of debate.
If you remember, the first time this was brought up, to my knowledge, and
the debate was made public, there was a lot of concern about the
Department of Defense getting into areas that were traditionally those
areas of civil responsibility. And this is a huge question. You know, what
do you want your United States military to do for this country?
And so, we've been tiptoeing around that issue for quite some time. My
view is that this tragedy is going to help crystallize our thoughts. And
we'll have some thoughtful debate and find a way forward.
COLLINS: It is a difficult issue about the military's appropriate role in
our society. And I'm struck by the fact that the attacks that we
experienced this week are being treated more as a matter of law
enforcement, that the Department of Justice, for example, is the lead
agency, rather than as an act of war, where the Department of Defense
would be, I would assume, the lead agency.
Do you have any comments on how we better define the role of the
Department of Defense?
MYERS: Well, as I indicated earlier, it was on the question on cyber
warfare as well, it's the same issue. Is this a civil law enforcement
issue? Or is it one of national security? Because, however you decide that
question, then will decide who has got primary responsibility.
This is the same issue. I think the debate needs to occur. And we need to
define our roles and responsibilities, probably in ways that we haven't
yet today.
I will tell you though, that the cooperation among all the departments and
agencies of this government has been absolutely superb. And yes, this was
a terrorist act and the FBI and the Department of Justice are working the
evidentiary piece of this. And that's appropriate.
There are pieces being worked, of course, by the Department of Defense and
the United States military. And that's appropriate as well. And the
cooperation between all of these agencies and departments is very, very
good.
COLLINS: General, I recall that after the terrorist attack on the USS
Cole, there was discussion that the military's force protection planning,
while quite comprehensive and effective, had neglected part of the
picture, that we had been prepared for asymmetric threats from ashore,
when a vessel was in a foreign port, but that we had not been properly
prepared for an attack from small harbor vessels. And in some ways, this
came to mind when I thought about the attack on the Pentagon.
It strikes me that a great deal of our force protection efforts have
focused upon ensuring the security of facilities and military personnel
overseas. Does what occurred this week at the Pentagon suggest that the
department needs to refocus its planning on force protection issues here
in the United States itself?
MYERS: Well, I think the answer to that is yes. And I think some of that
has already begun. I think the force protection here in the United States
has always been front and center.
I know when I was at Peterson Field, Colorado, that was an issue for us.
We conducted exercises throughout all the bases that were under our
purview on just that very issue. And I know the other services are doing
the same.
I think the United States Army has just recently taken steps to start
closing bases that were formerly open to the public and closing them in
the sense that you have to go through an entrance procedure at a gate to
meter the flow in and to check the flow out. So I think there are steps
being taken.
Two other comments. What the Cole showed us, as you correctly described,
senator, was that there were some scenes that we hadn't thought about. But
it goes to the larger issue of how we deal with this in the first place.
And I would just tell you that what will keep me awake at night in this
job is: are those things that we haven't thought about? I mean, we've been
surprised before. We were certainly surprised on Tuesday.
There are probably more surprises out there. And my job and the job of the
armed forces and everybody that supports us is to try to be as creative in
our thinking as we can, to try to plug these seams and these gaps.
Having said that, we're deployed worldwide to do this nation's bidding.
And we know that we'll never be 100 percent effective. But what we ought
to answer to is: have we thought about everything we can think about?
Are we doing all we can possibly do? Have we asked for the resources to do
that? And if I can't say yes to that, then I'm not doing my job.
COLLINS: Thank you, general.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Collins.
Before I call on Senator Bill Nelson, let me just make an announcement.
For the information of members of the committee, there will be a bus at
the corner of First and C Streets at 6: 30 this evening, to take members
over to the Pentagon and to bring them back. And please let the committee
chief clerk know if you want to go.
Senator Bill Nelson.
BILL NELSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
General Myers, Mrs. Myers, last week, I moved into an apartment
overlooking the Pentagon. Tuesday morning, I was here in the Capitol in a
meeting with Senator Daschle. But my wife was at our apartment. And she
witnessed the whole thing.
And each evening, as I have been home since then, I have witnessed the
very heroic efforts of a lot of people out there, as I get up periodically
through the night, fitfully sleeping, and my congratulations to you. Now,
that leads to my question to follow up Senator Collins' line of
questioning.
The second World Trade tower was hit shortly after 9:00. And the Pentagon
was hit approximately 40 minutes later. That's approximately. You would
know specifically what the timeline was.
The crash that occurred in Pennsylvania after the Newark westbound flight
was turned around 180 degrees and started heading back to Washington was
approximately an hour after the World Trade Center second explosion. You
said earlier in your testimony that we had not scrambled any military
aircraft until after the Pentagon was hit. And so, my question would be:
why?
MYERS: I think I had that right, that it was not until then. I'd have to
go back and review the exact timelines.
BILL NELSON: Perhaps we want to do this in our session, in executive
session. But my question is an obvious one for not only this committee,
but for the executive branch and the military establishment.
If we knew that there was a general threat on terrorist activity, which we
did, and we suddenly have two trade towers in New York being obviously hit
by terrorist activity, of commercial airliners taken off course from
Boston to Los Angeles, then what happened to the response of the defense
establishment once we saw the diversion of the aircraft headed west from
Dulles turning around 180 degrees and, likewise, in the aircraft taking
off from Newark and, in flight, turning 180 degrees? That's the question.
I leave it to you as to how you would like to answer it. But we would like
an answer.
MYERS: You bet. I spoke, after the second tower was hit, I spoke to the
commander of NORAD, General Eberhart. And at that point, I think the
decision was at that point to start launching aircraft.
One of the things you have to understand, senator, is that in our posture
right now, that we have many fewer aircraft on alert than we did during
the height of the Cold War. And so, we've got just a few bases around the
perimeter of the United States.
So it's not just a question of launching aircraft, it's launching to do
what? You have to have a specific threat. We're pretty good if the
threat's coming from outside. We're not so good if the threat's coming
from inside.
In this case, if my memory serves me -- and I'll have to get back to you
for the record -- my memory says that we had launched on the one that
eventually crashed in Pennsylvania. I mean, we had gotten somebody close
to it, as I recall. I'll have to check that out.
I do not recall if that was the case for the one that had taken off from
Dulles. But part of it is just where we are positioned around this country
to do that kind of work because that was never -- it goes back to Senator
Collins' issue. Is this one of the things that we'll worry about. You
know, what's next?
But our posture today is not one of the many sites and the many tens of
aircraft on alert. We just have a handful today.
BILL NELSON: Well, that one is one that we need to talk about together as
we get prepared for the future.
MYERS: Yes, sir.
BILL NELSON: Because we know of a new kind of threat now, unfortunately.
My second question -- and this will be my last question, Mr. Chairman,
because I know you want to move on and get into the executive session. You
were talking about, particularly from your experience, which I greatly
value, having been in Space Command, of our surveillance assets and the
necessity of having those assets there and working and being able to get
those assets to orbit.
We have a risk factor of catastrophe on such launch vehicles like the
Titan down to about one in 20. In the old days, when we first started
launching, it was one in five. But it is one in 20.
And that may necessitate the only other access to space that we have,
which is the manned vehicle. I bring this up to you because just last
week, I was invited to have, as a member of the Science, Space and
Technology Subcommittee of the Commerce Committee, a hearing on space
shuttle safety.
The essence of the hearing and the unanimity of the five witnesses was
that the NASA budget has been starved sufficiently, over the years and
presently, such that space shuttle safety will be severely compromised in
the future. Not today, but in the future.
And so, I wanted you to know the conclusion of that hearing because, in
your new capacity as chairman, it is clearly in your interest that you
have the access -- reliable access -- to space when you need it. And
although your payloads are configured for expendable booster rockets,
should that access to space ever go down, you would need that backup, even
though there would some considerable time delay because of reconfiguration
of the payloads.
And so, I would certainly commend you to have your folks start checking
into this. I think, because of the actions of the tragedy of this week,
that we're going to be able now to turn around that budget and start
getting the shuttle upgrades, over the course of the next five years, in
place in order to give the United States that reliable access to space
that we have in the space transportation system.
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
LEVIN: Thank you, Senator Nelson.
General Myers, just a very brief request. When I asked you what time it
was that the FAA or the FBI notified the Defense Department after the
first World Trade -- the two crashes into the World Trade Center and you
indicated you didn't know the time. Could you ask someone on your staff to
try to get us that time, so that we will have that either before this
session here or for executive session?
MYERS: Mr. Chairman, I just did that.
LEVIN: Thank you.
BILL NELSON: Mr. Chairman, may I, just for the record? Commenting from CNN
on the timeline, 9:03 is the correct time that the United Airlines flight
crashed into the south tower of the World Trade Center; 9:43 is the time
that American Airlines flight 77 crashed into the Pentagon. And 10:10 a.m.
is the time that United Airlines flight 93 crashed in Somerset County,
Pennsylvania.
So that was 40 minutes between the second tower being hit and the Pentagon
crash. And it is an hour and seven minutes until the crash occurred in
Pennsylvania.
LEVIN: The time that we don't have is when the Pentagon was notified, if
they were, by the FAA or the FBI or any other agency, relative to any
potential threat or any planes having changed direction or anything like
that. And that's the same which you will give us because that's . . .
MYERS: I can answer that. At the time of the first impact on the World
Trade Center, we stood up our crisis action team. That was done
immediately.
So we stood it up. And we started talking to the federal agencies. The
time I do not know is when NORAD responded with fighter aircraft. I don't
know that time.
LEVIN: Or the time that I asked you for, which was whether the FAA or FBI
notified you that other planes had turned direction from their path, their
scheduled path, and were returning or aiming towards Washington, whether
there was any notice from any of them, because that's such an obvious
shortfall if there wasn't.
MYERS: Right.
LEVIN: And in any event, but more important, if you could get us that
information.
MYERS: It probably happened. As you remember, I was not in the Pentagon at
that time, so that part of it is a little hazy. After that, we started
getting regular notifications through NORAD, FAA to NORAD, on other
flights that we were worried about.
And we knew about the one that eventually crashed in Pennsylvania. I do
not know, again, whether we had fighters scrambled on it. I have to . . .
LEVIN: If you could get us those times then. We know you don' t know them.
MYERS: But we'll get them.
LEVIN: Now, Senator Bunning is next.
BUNNING: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
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